Kopa foil fleksibel basbarol i save kamap long rot bilong katim ol liklik kopa foil long sais, bungim na stretim namba bilong ol leia, klinim ol 'bonding surfaces' na putim tupela arere insait long 'purpose-built tooling. Ol i save putim hat na presa we ol i bosim gut long strongim ol 'foil layers' i go insait long ol 'compact terminal end', na namel hap i stap yet na i no pas na i no inap bruk.
Bihain long ol i hatim, ol i save mekim ples i pas aninit long presa pastaim long ol i rausim 'busbar' bilong katim, sutim, stretim na sekim. Laspela risal i no dipen long tempereja tasol, tasol long bungim kontrol bilong foil kondisen, bonding eria, presa distribusen, taim bilong hatim, tul flatnes na kol stebiliti.
I no gat wanpela 'welding schedule' we i stret long olgeta 'flexible busbar'. Wanpela proses we ol i kamapim long 20 leia bilong 0.10 mm foil i no inap long kamap otomatik long tenpela leia bilong 0.20 mm foil, maski olgeta 'stack thickness' i wankain.
Wanem samting em i wanpela kopa foil fleksibel basbar?
Wanpela 'copper foil flexible busbar' em i wanpela samting we i save karim pawa na ol i wokim long planti leia bilong liklik kopa foil. Tupela arere i pas wantaim long ol strongpela 'terminal' eria, na namel i stap yet olsem 'laminated' na i ken tanim tanim.
Dispela kombinesen i larim 'busbar' long karim bikpela pawa taim em i kisim:
- Pasin bilong seksek long taim bilong wok bilong ol ikwipmen;
- 'Thermal expansion' na 'contraction';
- Ol tolerans bilong bungim;
- Muvmen namel long ol komponen we i konektim;
- Mekanikal hevi we i kamap long instolesen;
- Liklik hevi namel long ol lektrik terminal.
Ol i save yusim ol 'flexible copper busbar' long ol EV bateri pek, ol eneji stoa sistem, ol switgia, ol transfoma, ol pawa distribusen kebinet, ol ikwipmen bilong sasim na ol narapela hai-elektrikel asembli.
Ol i ken sutim, drilim, pletim o konektim ol arere we i pas wantaim ol narapela kondukta. Namel hap we i no pas i mas holim yet gutpela fleksibel longpela we i stap long droing bilong prodak.
Bilong wanem ol i yusim planti liklik foil na i no wanpela strongpela kopa bar?
Wanpela strongpela kopa bar inap long karim pawa gut, tasol em i no inap long kisim isi senis o muvmen namel long ol komponen. Taim yu brukim wankain 'conductor thickness' i go long planti liklik 'layers' dispela i save mekim 'flexibility' i go antap long rot yu laikim.
Tasol, ol 'loose foil' leia i no inap long boltim o putim gut sapos ol i no kamapim ol gutpela 'terminal area'. Ol i save yusim 'copper foil diffusion welding' long strongim ol arere bilong en bai ol i ken wokim long masin na konektim na tu lukautim ol 'layered structure' long namel.
Bilong wanem ol i save yusim 'diffusion welding' long ol 'laminated copper foils'?
Diffusion welding em i wanpela 'solid-state joining proses we hat na presa i save bringim ol metal pes i stap klostu tru long wanpela bon i ken kamap namel long ol intafeis. Long klasikal difusen bonding, ol i no nidim wanpela 'filler metal', na kondisen bilong pes, 'flatness', tempereja, presa na taim em olgeta bikpela samting bilong proses. Dispela jenerel prinsipol i stap tu insait long teknikel gaidens we TWI i pablisim long 'diffusion bonding'.
Insait long 'flexible busbar' indastri, ol i save yusim ol dispela tok "copper foil diffusion welding" na "high-polymer diffusion welding" long wanpela wok we i save hat long lektrik na i gat presa-asist we i yusim 'graphite tooling'. Dispela rot bilong wokim samting i no ken kamap olsem wankain olsem longpela-saiklon 'vacuum-furnace diffusion bonding. Rot bilong hatim, win, taim bilong raun na pasin bilong intafeis i ken senis.
Long ol baia, bikpela askim em i no wanem nem bilong dispela proses, tasol sapos em inap long kamapim ol samting ol i laikim:
- Bonded area;
- Tiknes bilong terminal i pinis;
- Strong bilong masin;
- Resistans bilong ol join;
- Dimensional tolerance;
- Kondisen bilong pes;
- Batch-to-batch repeatability.
Noken Nidim Moa Fila Metal
Long ol nomol 'multilayer copper foil busbars', ol i ken strongim ol arere bilong 'foil' na i no gat 'solder' o 'brazing filler'. Dispela i helpim long abrusim pasin bilong putim wanpela 'filler material' wantaim ol narapela kain 'electrical', 'mechanical' o 'thermal' pasin.
Taim ol i bosim gut ol samting bilong kopa, redim pes, ol tul na sediul bilong weldim, dispela wok inap long kamapim wanpela liklik 'terminal' wantaim liklik na inap long mekim gen 'joint resistance' aninit long ol tes kondisen.
Fleksibel Senta i stap gut
As tingting em i no long pasim olgeta 'busbar'. Ol i putim ol 'terminal area' tasol insait long 'principal heating' na 'pressure zone'. Namel hap i no pas gut na bai hap we i pinis i ken kisim guria na muvmen bilong instolesen.
Sapos hap we i hat i go longwe tumas long namel, dispela inap long daunim 'flexible length' bilong en. Olsem na ol mak bilong ol tul na ples bilong ol wokpis i mas bihainim droing bilong 'busbar' na i no long lukluk long 'visual estimation'.
Copper Foil Flexible Busbar Diffusion Welding Process
Maski ol masin i no wankain, wanpela 'copper foil flexible busbar' i save go insait long 6-pela bikpela step.
1. Konfemim Foil na Finis Busbar Spesifikasen
Divelopmen bilong proses i stat wantaim prodak, i no masin. Man we i wokim dispela masin i mas konfemim ol dispela infomesen pastaim long em i makim ol tul o kamapim wanpela sediul bilong weldim:
- Gred bilong kopa na kondisen bilong ol samting;
- Tiknes bilong wanwan foil;
- Namba bilong ol 'foil layers';
- Foil width;
- Total 'stack thickness';
- Longpela bilong olgeta prodak;
- Longpela na bikpela bilong 'bonding' long wanwan arere;
- Ol i nidim 'terminal thickness' bihain long ol i weldim;
- Ples bilong hul na ol samting yu mas mekim long masin;
- Ol samting yu mas mekim long 'plating' o 'surface-tritmen;
- Ol mak bilong kisim ol samting long sait bilong masin na pawa.
Tupela 'stack' wantaim wankain 'total thickness' i ken mekim narapela kain pasin. Olsem, tupela ten leia bilong 0.10 mm foil i gat planti intafes moa long tenpela leia bilong 0.20 mm foil. Ol i ken i no wankain long kondisen bilong pes, kontek namel long ol leit, pasin bilong hatim na strong bilong ol long slait taim ol i presim.
Tiknes bilong 'finish terminal' em i bikpela samting tu. Em i save stiaim 'tooling clearance', 'compression control' na 'acceptable amaon' bilong 'material deformation'.
2. Katim, Stretim na Klinim ol Kopa Foil
Ol i katim ol 'foil' long mak bilong en na putim long 'layer sequence' we ol i laikim. Ol arere i mas stap stret wantaim wanpela 'repeatable refrens' bai olgeta mak eria i ken karamapim taim ol i hatim na presim.
Pastaim long stakim, opereta i mas sekim:
- Senis longpela;
- Ol 'edge burrs';
- Ol 'wrinkles' o 'folds';
- Ol makmak long pes;
- Oil o ol samting bilong prosesim;
- Oksidesen we yu ken lukim;
- Ol liklik hap samting namel long ol leia;
- Foil orientesen i no stret.
Wanpela ples we i luk lait i no min olsem em i wanpela klinpela ples bilong pasim ol samting. Ol oil, ol mak bilong pinga, das na ol liklik 'oxide films' inap long bagarapim 'interlayer contact'.
Rot bilong klinim yu makim i mas stret wantaim tiknes bilong foil na ol samting yu mas mekim. Strongpela mekanikel tritmen inap long senisim liklik pepa o kamapim senis long sais bilong en. Bihain long klinim, ol foil i mas stap drai, lukautim ol long ol samting nogut na putim insait long ol tul insait long wanpela taim we ol i makim.
3. Putim na putim ol 'foil' insait long 'tooling'
Ol i putim 'foil stack' we ol i redim pinis insait long 'graphite tooling' o narapela aplikesen-spesifik hiting na klemping asembli. Ol masin stop o ol samting bilong painim samting i mas bosim posisen bilong prodak, longpela bilong bon na stretpela bilong foil.
Setup i mas mekim gut olsem:
- Olgeta hap bilong 'terminal' i stap insait long 'effective heating zone';
- Ol tul antap na daunbilo i wankain;
- Foil stack i gat sapot na i no gat ol 'wrinkles';
- Nogat wanpela samting bilong narapela kantri i pas namel long ol leia;
- Fleksibol seksen we i no bon i stap ausait long bikpela bon zon;
- Wokpis i no inap long slait gut taim ol i presim.
Long ol bikpela 'busbar' o bikpela 'bonding area', 'tooling flatness' na 'pressure distribution' i bikpela samting moa long mekim masin i go antap tasol. Wanpela bikpela silinda o haidrolik riding i no inap long makim olsem presa i go long olgeta hap bilong 'foil stack' wankain.
Ol hap bilong 'graphite' we i bagarap pinis, i bruk o i no wankain inap long kamapim ol hap we presa i no inap, pawa i no stap gut o hat i no stret.
4. Putim Kontrol Hit na Presa
Bihain long ol i putim, masin i putim presa long daunim ol spes namel long ol kopa foil leia na mekim stak i stap gut. Bihain ol i putim hat i go insait bihainim disain bilong masin. Long planti 'flexible busbar' sistem, ol i save yusim 'electrical resistance heating' na 'graphite tooling' long salim hat i go insait long eria we ol i makim.
Tempereja, presa na taim i mas stap olsem wanpela windo bilong wok bung wantaim.
Sapos i no gat inap hat o taim bilong holim, dispela inap mekim na sampela 'interface' i no pas gut. Sapos yu hatim tumas dispela inap long mekim 'oxidation' i kamap, kala i senis, ol tul i no inap wok gut o ol 'terminal deformation'. Long wankain rot, sapos i no gat inap presa dispela inap long kamapim 'delamination', na sapos presa i go antap tumas o i no inap long bosim gut dispela inap long kamapim 'foil extrusion' o 'finish thickness' i no stret.
Gutpela sediul bilong hatim haus inap long kisim strong long:
- Tiknes bilong foil na namba bilong ol leia;
- Gred bilong kopa na kondisen bilong ol samting;
- Longpela na bikpela bilong 'bonding';
- Total heated mass;
- Sais bilong ol tul;
- Kondisen bilong 'graphite';
- Reit bilong hatim;
- Fos we ol i putim na eria bilong kontek;
- I mas gat 'terminal compression';
- Ol kondisen bilong kol.
Long dispela as, wanpela tempereja veliu we ol i kisim long narapela masin o narapela basbar i no ken yusim olsem wanpela otomatik prodaksen seting.
Long taim bilong HAIFEI sempel traim, ol i save kamapim namba wan proses sediul long 'foil stack' bilong kastoma, ol 'bonding dimensions', 'tooling contact area' na ol 'finish-terminal rikwaemen. Ol i save sekim ol risal bilong traim pastaim long ol i konfemim ol prodaksen paramita.
5. Kulim Bonded End aninit long presa
Taim 'heating stage' i pinis, wokpis i no ken lusim hariap. Sapos yu holim gut presa long taim bilong kol taim dispela i helpim long strongim 'terminal shape' na daunim 'interlayer springback'.
Taim yu mekim kol aninit long presa dispela inap long sapotim:
- Moa wankain 'terminal thickness';
- I no gat planti muvmen bilong 'foil stack';
- Gutpela 'dimensional stability';
- Daunbilo hevi bilong 'distortion' taim yu rausim kago;
- Moa risal we yu ken mekim gen namel long ol saikel.
Sistem bilong mekim kol i save mekim wok i go het tu. Sapos tempereja o ron bilong wara bilong kol i senis taim masin i wok, 'thermal starting condition' bilong ol narapela saikel bihain i ken senis long namba wan sempel.
Ol kampani i mas rekodim ol gutpela kondisen bilong kol long taim bilong wok validesen, moa yet taim prodaksen mak i nidim wok bilong weldim planti taim long wanpela longpela taim.
6. Rausim, Pinisim na Sekim Busbar
Bihain long 'terminal' i kol gut, ol i rausim dispela hap long 'tooling'. I dipen long droing na plen bilong prodaksen, ol wok bihain i ken inkludim:
- Katim arere;
- Painim o drilim ol hul bilong putim samting;
- Rausim ol 'burring';
- Polisim;
- Klinim pes;
- Nikel foil samting bilong pasim;
- Tin o nikel pleting;
- Putim insulesen;
- Dimensenel inspeksen;
- Ol tes bilong masin na pawa.
Welding na daunstrim pinis i mas stap olsem ol wok we i konektim tasol i stap narapela narapela. Wanpela masin bilong 'diffusion welding' i no save mekim wok bilong 'punching', 'plating' o 'insulation' sapos ol dispela wok i no stap insait long wanpela 'customized production cell'.
Ol bikpela samting we i save mekim gutpela wok bilong weldim kopa foil
Kwaliti bilong weldim kopa foil em i stap aninit long kontrol bilong ful proses na i no long wanpela hetlain paramita.
| Proses fakta | Sapos yu no bosim gut, dispela inap kamap | Wanem samting yu mas sekim pastaim |
|---|---|---|
| Kondisen bilong pes bilong foil | Lokal delaminesen o strong bilong en i save senis | Oil, oksidesen, ol liklik hap na putim bihain long klinim |
| Foil alignment | Ol arere i no wankain o i no pas gut | Katim tolerans na staking refrens |
| Tempereja na taim bilong hatim | Andabonding, oksidesen o bikpela senis | Yunifomiti bilong hatim, mak na taim bilong holim |
| Distribusen bilong presa | Wanpela sait i pas na narapela i bruk | Tul paralelism, wokpis posisen na kontek eria |
| Kondisen bilong ol tul bilong grafait | Senis bilong hat o presa | Fletnes, bagarap, bruk na ol samting i stap antap |
| Pinisim-thiknes kontrol | Terminal i tik tumas, i liklik tumas o i no wankain | Kliarens bilong ol tul, kompresen na stak tolerans |
| Ol kondisen bilong kol | Dimensenel o batch senis | Tempereja bilong wara, ron bilong wara na taim bilong kamapim samting |
| Konsistensi bilong kopa i kam insait | Ol risal bilong proses i senis namel long ol lot | Material gred, hat na foil-tiknes tolerans |
Bilong wanem presa bilong masin tasol i no inap long tokaut long risal
Wanpela masin i ken soim presa bilong silinda, presa bilong haidrolik o strong olgeta, tasol ol 'foil interfaces' i save bekim presa we i stap long hap bilong 'bonding' eria.
Wankain masin fos we ol i putim long tupela narapela narapela 'bonding area' i no kamapim wankain 'interface condition'. Sapos ol tul i bruk, ol i no stret na ol i bagarap long ples, dispela inap senisim moa yet presa distribusen.
Taim wanpela sempel i pas long wanpela sait tasol i bruk long narapela sait, apim presa bilong masin i no ken kamap namba wan otomatik bekim. Pastaim ol i mas sekim 'tooling parallelism', 'graphite condition', 'foil alignment' na 'workpiece' posisen.
Bilong wanem ol prodaksen paramita i mas pas bihain long validesen
Taim ol i kamapim wanpela gutpela 'sample', ol i mas raitim gut wok ol i bin tok orait long en. Rekod i ken i gat:
Namba bilong program bilong masin;
- Ol taim bilong hatim na taim bilong en;
- Seting bilong strong o presa;
- Luksave long ol tul;
- Taim bilong kol;
- Kopa samting na planti samting;
- Ol pinis bilong 'terminal dimensions';
- Ol risal bilong inspeksen;
- Opereta na deit bilong prodaksen.
Kontrol bilong ol paramita i helpim long luksave long hevi bilong masin na ol senis long ol samting, tul, redi o loding.
Ol hevi we i save kamap planti taim na wanem samting yu mas sekim pastaim
| Hevi we ol i lukim | Ol as bilong dispela | Ol namba wan sekim |
|---|---|---|
| Ol foil leia i bruk bihain long ol i weldim | Kontaminesen, hat i no inap, presa i no inap o sotpela taim bilong holim | Redim pes na kondisen bilong hatim tru |
| Wanpela sait i pas na narapela i no | Presa i no wankain, ol tul i tanim o i no stap long namel | Tul paralelism na wokpis posisen |
| Kala bilong pes i senis tumas | Hat tumas, stap longpela taim o kol i no stap gut | Sediul bilong hatim na taim bilong mekim kol |
| Tiknes bilong 'terminal' i no wankain | Foil i no stret, senis long 'stack' o 'uneven compression' | Foil i kam insait, rot bilong bungim na tul |
| Ol bruk long arere taim ol i sutim | Stres i stap yet, dai kliarens i no stret o sapot i no inap | Pasin bilong sutim na sapot bilong pinis |
| Ol risal i senis namel long ol prodaksen betj | Ol samting, tul, kol o loding kondisen i senis | Ol rekot bilong prodaksen na inspeksen i kam insait |
Taim wanpela hevi i kamap, wanpela 'variable' tasol i mas senis long wanpela taim we i stret. Sapos yu apim tempereja, presa na taim bilong holim long wankain taim, dispela inap kamapim wanpela '-lukluk sempel, tasol dispela i mekim hat long painimaut as tru bilong en.
Diffusion Welding em i stretpela rot bilong olgeta kopa koneksen?
Nogat rot bilong joinim em i gutpela long olgeta kondakta disain. Seleksen i mas bihainim 'joint geometry', 'material combination', 'electrical requirements', 'production volume' na 'eria' we i gat hat.
| Rot bilong joinim | Tipikel suitability | Ol bikpela samting bilong makim |
|---|---|---|
| Diffusion welding | Ol 'multilayer copper foils' wantaim bikpela, 'consolidated terminal areas' | Eria bilong pasim, namba bilong ol leit, tul, hat na presa wankain |
| Oltrasonik welding | Lokal foil, kebol na terminal join | Weld eria, sonotrode akses, foil tiknes na vaibresen rispons |
| Resistans welding | Ol hap o ol spesifik lap-join straksa | Rot bilong nau, rot bilong kisim 'electrode' na 'weld-point' rikwaemen |
| Brasing | Ol join we ol i orait long putim wanpela samting bilong pulimapim | Seleksen bilong 'filler', kliarim ol join, hatim na kontrolim ol pipia |
| Laser welding | Ol 'localized seams' o 'tab' we yu ken kisim | Reflektiviti, penetresen, fit-ap na hat konsentresen |
Diffusion welding em i gutpela long skelim taim prodak i gat planti liklik 'foil' na i nidim ol liklik 'terminal area' na i gat 'flexibility' namel long ol arere. Wanpela narapela proses i ken gutpela moa taim join i stap long wanpela hap tasol, i hat long pasim o ol i wokim long narapela kain samting.
Hau long makim wanpela masin bilong weldim kopa foil
Seleksen bilong masin i mas kamap long bikpela na hatpela wokpis we ol i orait long en na i no long 'transformer capacity' tasol o long mak bilong prodak.
Wanpela saplaia i mas skelim ol dispela samting:
Bonding Eria we i mas i stap
Longpela na bikpela bilong 'terminal' i makim 'contact area' we i mas kisim wankain hat na presa. Wanpela bikpela terminal i ken nidim narapela tul na fos arensmen long wanpela liklik terminal wantaim wankain total kopa tiknes.
Maksimum Foil Stak
Asesmen i mas gat wanwan 'foil' tiknes, namba bilong ol 'layer' na olgeta 'stack tiknes'. Ol dispela veliu i save afektim 'interlayer contact', 'heating behavior' na 'tooling clearance'.
Tiknes bilong terminal i pinis
Sapos droing i makim liklik 'thickness tolerance', sistem i mas givim 'repeatable compression' na 'stable stoping' o 'position control'. Strong bilong masin tasol i no inap long makim laspela mak.
Prodaksen Kapasiti
Man i baim samting i mas givim hamas samting i mas kamap long olgeta de na taim bilong 'cycle'. Saplaia i ken skelim:
- Manuel o otomatik loding;
- Wanpela- o planti-stesen tul;
- Inap bilong mekim kol;
- Stoa bilong ol paramita;
- Involvemen bilong opereta;
- Wok bilong lukautim ol samting;
- Integresen wantaim ol samting bilong katim o sutim.
Ol yutiliti na ol samting bilong putim
Proposal i mas makim ol samting we ol i nidim:
- Pawa saplai;
- Koling-wara o 'chiller capacity';
- Kompresen win, sapos i gat;
- Spes long plua;
- Faundesen bilong masin;
- Pasin bilong pulim win o rausim win;
- Loding na mentenens akses.
Kwaliti na Trasebiliti Rikwaemen
Long ol kar, eneji stoa o ol narapela kontrol prodaksen, ol baia i ken nidim resipi menesmen, paswod-protekted paramita, saikel kaunting, alam rekot o data ekspot.
Ol i mas skelim 'heating capacity', 'pressure system' na 'tooling dimensions' long 'foil stack' na 'bonding area' pastaim long ol i makim wanpelamasin bilong weldim kopa.
FAQ
Q: Ol i ken weldim planti leit bilong kopa foil long 'diffusion'?
A: Yes. Ol i ken bungim ol 'multilayer copper foil stacks' long ol pinis bilong en long rot bilong bosim hat na presa. Ol i mas wokim sediul bilong wok bihainim tiknes bilong wanwan foil, namba bilong ol leia, eria bilong pasim, kondisen bilong kopa na tiknes bilong pinis we ol i laikim.
Q: Olgeta 'Flexible Busbar' i kamap strong?
A: Nogat. Insait long wanpela 'flexible busbar', ol i save pasim ol 'terminal area' tasol. Senta i stap olsem 'laminated' na i ken tanim tanim olsem na em inap long karim ol senis, muvmen bilong hat na ol samting bilong bungim.
Q: Yu mas i gat 'Filler Metal' long 'Copper Foil Diffusion Welding'?
A: Ol i no nidim 'filler metal' taim ol i joinim ol 'compatible layers' bilong 'bare copper foil'. Ol samting we i no wankain, ol 'coated foils' o ol spesel prodak straksa ol i mas skelim wanwan bikos ol i ken nidim narapela 'interface design' o 'joining process'.
Q: Wanem Tempereja i Nidim Long Copper Foil Diffusion Welding?
A: I no gat wanpela gutpela yunivesel tempereja bilong olgeta 'busbar'. Seting we ol i nidim i dipen long kopa materiel, tiknes bilong foil, namba bilong ol leit, sais bilong bonding, rot bilong hatim, ol tul, presa na taim bilong saikel.
Ol i mas tanim tu wanpela 'temperature reading' bihainim we na hau ol i skelim. Ol seting bilong autput bilong masin na tru tru tempereja long ol 'foil interface' i no wankain.
Q: Bilong wanem ol kopa foil i save bruk bihain long ol i weldim?
A: Ol samting we i save kamapim dispela hevi em olsem, graun i doti, hat i no inap o i no stret, presa i no stap gut, holim sotpela taim, foil i no stret na ol tul i bagarap pinis. Posisen bilong 'delamination' inap long helpim long luksave long as bilong en. Seperesen we i stap long wanpela arere i save soim olsem posisen o tul i wankain na i no olsem masin i no gat strong.
Q: Ol i ken joinim kopa foil na nikel pepa long wankain rot?
A: Ol i ken skelim kain straksa olsem, tasol ol i no ken tingim olsem em i wankain olsem kopa-long-kopa bonding. Tiknes bilong nikel, posisen, kondisen bilong pes, eria bilong pas na lektrik o mekanik pefomens ol i nidim i ken senisim proses windo. Em i gutpela long mekim ol 'physical sample test' pastaim long makim ol ikwipmen.
Q: Hau bai mi makim stretpela sais bilong masin?
A: Givim long saplaia bikpela 'foil width', namba bilong ol 'layer', 'terminal bonding area', pinis 'thickness', 'production target' na 'quality requirements' bilong en. Bihain ol i mas skelim masin long 'heating capacity', strong bilong yusim, sais bilong ol tul, 'cooling capacity' na 'automation' na i no makim long 'rated power' tasol.
Askim long wanpela Kopa Foil Sempel Welding Trial
Stretpela masin na proses i no inap long konfemim long total tiknes bilong kopa tasol.
Salim Haifei spesifikesen bilong kopa foil bilong yu, namba bilong ol leia, sais bilong pinis, tiknes bilong yu pinis, droing bilong prodak na mak bilong prodaksen. Ol enjinia bilong mipela i ken glasim disain bilong join, redim ol tul bilong aplikesen-na stretim wanpela 'sample welding trial' pastaim long ol i rekomendim masin konfigurasen.
Askim long kisim wanpela kopa foil sempel weldim tes
